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confidentiality · ai for legal practice

Client data and training.

Read the terms before the demo. A remarkable number of evaluations end there, and the ones that do not usually should have.

begin here

Where is your firm?

Start a conversation with the AI Adoption Concierge, already scoped to client data & training. Pick a starting point, or describe your situation directly.

AI Adoption Conciergeclient data & training · orientation, not legal or ethics advice
Tell me which tools are in use and roughly what material goes into them. I'll help you work out what to check in the terms. Your own counsel decides what your obligations permit.

The question is narrow and consequential: what does this vendor's agreement permit them to do with what the firm puts in. Retention, training, human review, subprocessing and jurisdiction are the dimensions that matter, and they vary enormously — between vendors, between tiers of the same vendor, and between the marketing page and the contract. The reason this belongs at the very start of an evaluation is that it is dispositive in a way capability is not: a tool that may train on inputs is unusable for client-confidential work regardless of how good it is, so evaluating capability first wastes the time of everyone involved.

mechanisms

What to establish about any tool.

Six questions. The answers should come from the agreement, not from a salesperson.

Training rights

May inputs be used to improve models. The threshold question, and the one most likely to disqualify.

Retention

How long inputs and outputs are kept, and whether deletion is available and verifiable.

Human review

Whether vendor staff may read submissions, for abuse monitoring or quality, and under what controls.

Subprocessors

Who else touches the data — model providers, infrastructure, moderation — and under what terms.

Jurisdiction & residency

Where data is processed and stored, which may matter contractually and for some clients absolutely.

Termination

What happens on exit: deletion, export, and how long anything survives the relationship.

methodology

What the evidence shows — and what we examine.

How firms handle it in practice.

Read the governing agreementThe one that will apply to the firm's tier — not the public terms, not the marketing page.
Tier material by sensitivityWhat may go into which tool, stated concretely enough that nobody has to make a judgement call.
Get commitments contractualA support article can be revised unilaterally. A contractual term cannot.
Re-check on renewalTerms change, and a vendor acquisition can change them substantially overnight.
what's at stake

What turns on the answer.

This is the duty most easily engaged, by an action that feels routine.

client confidentiality privilege questions outside counsel guideline compliance professional-responsibility exposure the client relationship whether the tool is usable at all

The tier matters more than the brand.

The same vendor frequently offers consumer terms that permit training and enterprise terms that do not. "We already use this" is not an answer to the question — which agreement governs the firm's use is.

common questions

Client data — practical questions.

Does anonymising the document solve it?

It helps and it is weaker protection than it feels. Removing names and identifiers reduces exposure, but legal documents are frequently identifiable from their facts alone — a dispute between two parties over a distinctive transaction does not become anonymous because the names are removed. Redaction also has to be done reliably every time by busy people, which is a control that degrades under deadline. It is a reasonable supplementary measure and a poor primary one.

What if the tool is embedded in software we already use?

The question is the same and firms frequently miss it, because an AI feature arriving inside an existing product does not feel like adopting an AI tool. Document management systems, practice management platforms, email and research services have all added AI capabilities, sometimes enabled by default, sometimes under terms that differ from the base product. The practical step is an inventory of what has AI features and what governs them — most firms doing this for the first time find at least one they did not know about.

Do we need a data processing agreement?

For most firms handling personal data the answer is generally yes as a matter of data protection law, quite separately from professional confidentiality obligations — and the two are distinct analyses that firms sometimes conflate. What the DPA should address is the same list that matters for confidentiality: purpose limitation, retention, subprocessors, security, international transfers, and deletion on termination. This is a question for the firm's own counsel, and it applies regardless of what the confidentiality analysis concludes.

How do we handle material belonging to third parties?

Carefully, and it is the case most often overlooked. Litigation files contain documents produced by opponents under protective orders, personal data about people who are not clients, and material subject to confidentiality undertakings the firm has given. Client consent does not reach any of that. Protective orders in particular may restrict disclosure to third parties in terms that a vendor's system plainly engages, and firms have generally treated material under a protective order as requiring separate analysis rather than falling under a general AI policy.

related

Related specialization areas & resources.

Find out what the terms permit.

Describe the tools in use. The Institute will help you work through the questions.

AI adoption conciergeorientation · not legal or ethics advice
Tell me which tools are in use and roughly what material goes into them. I'll help you work out what to check in the terms. Your own counsel decides what your obligations permit.